Policy engagement is rarely a linear process involving only researchers and policymakers. Instead, it takes place within a complex ecosystem that includes universities, research organisations, government bodies, intermediary organisations, funding agencies, civil society organisations, think tanks, professional associations, and many other stakeholders. Each actor brings different perspectives, expertise, responsibilities, and interests to the policy process.

Researchers and academic institutions often generate evidence and expert knowledge, while policymakers and public administrations are responsible for developing and implementing policies. Between these groups, a variety of intermediary actors help facilitate communication, translate evidence, build networks, and support collaboration. Increasingly, citizens, advocacy groups, and other societal stakeholders also play important roles in shaping policy debates and ensuring that diverse perspectives are considered.

The institutional context in which policy engagement takes place can vary significantly across countries, sectors, and governance levels. National political systems, organisational structures, and policy cultures all influence how evidence is used and how interactions between research and policy actors are organised. Understanding these contexts can help researchers navigate policy environments more effectively and identify the most appropriate pathways for engagement.